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I) LÝ THUYẾT

A) Linking verbs: be, seem, verbs of perception

Linking verb dùng khi nối chủ ngữ và vị ngữ (vị ngữ là một tính từ) để chỉ tình trạng của đồ vật, người hay sự việc nào đó.

Có một nhóm các động từ đặc biệt có chức năng nối giữa chủ ngữ và vị ngữ tính từ. Không giống các động từ khác, chúng không thể hiện hành động. Do vậy chúng được bổ nghĩa bởi tính từ chứ không phải trạng từ. Người ta gọi chúng là liên động từ (linking verb). Đó là những động từ ở bảng sau:

Ví dụ: Mary feels bad about her test grade. (Mary thấy buồn về điểm của bài kiểm tra.)

* Chú ý: feel, look, smell và taste cũng có thể là ngoại động từ khi nó có tân ngữ trự tiếp. Trong trường hợp đó, nó trở thành một động từ mô tả hành động thực sự chứ không còn là một hệ từ (linking verb) và do đó nó được bổ nghĩa bởi trạng từ chứ không phải tính từ. Chúng được phép chia ở thì tiếp diễn.

Ví dụ: The doctor felt the leg carefully to see if there were any broken bones. (Bác sĩ sờ nắn chân một cách cẩn thận để xem có còn cái xương gãy nào nữa không.)

B) Cleft sentences (Câu chẻ): It is/was ... that ...

Câu chẻ (Cleft Sentences) được sử dụng với chức năng nhấn mạnh vào một thành phần của câu như chủ ngữ, tân ngữ hay trạng từ,... Câu chẻ hay câu nhấn mạnh là một dạng câu phức gồm: mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề phụ thuộc sử dụng kèm các đại từ quan hệ.

1. Câu chẻ nhấn mạnh chủ từ (Subject focus)

Cấu trúc: 

It + is/was + chủ ngữ (subject) + mệnh đề quan hệ (who, that,...) + V + O …

Ví dụ:

► My sister made me a cake. → It was my sister who made me a cake.

► Her absence at the party made me sad. → It was her absence at the party that made me sad.

2. Câu chẻ nhấn mạnh tân ngữ (Object focus)

Cấu trúc:  

It + is/was + tân ngữ (object) + mệnh đề quan hệ (whom, that,..) + S + V ...

Ví dụ:

► I met Trang at the party. → It was Trang who I met at the party.

► My brother bought an old car from our neighbor. → It was an old car that my brother bought from our neighbor.

3. Câu chẻ nhấn mạnh trạng từ (Adverbial focus)

Cấu trúc: 

It + is/was + adverbial phrase + that + S + V …

Ví dụ:

► I met him in this restaurant. → It was in this restaurant that I met him.

► My father bought a new car last Sunday. → It was last Sunday that my father bought a new.

4. Câu chẻ nhấn mạnh trong câu bị động (Passive voice)

Cấu trúc: 

It + is/was + noun/pronoun + mệnh đề quan hệ (who, that,...) + be + V3/V-ed (past participle)

Ví dụ:

► People talk about this story. →  It is this story that is talked about.

► Fans gave that actor a lot of gift. → It was that actor who was given a lot of gift.

II) BÀI TẬP

A) Linking verbs: be, seem, verbs of perception

1. Choose the verbs in the box to complete the sentences. Make changes to the verb forms if necessary. (page 20)

1. A: Jane wants to reconcile with her friend.

    B: That _________ good.

2. Children become more independent as they ________ older.

3. I can't ________ awake any longer. I'm sleepy.

4. Turn off the air-conditioner. It's ________ too cold in here.

5. Getting involved in a romantic relationship does not ________ right for you now. You are too young.

6. Jack broke up with his girlfriend, but he didn't________ sad when I saw him.

ĐÁP ÁN:

2. Underline the correct word to complete the sentences. (page 21)

1. What's the matter with you? You look (unhappy/unhappily).

2. We greeted the visitors (warm/warmly) and made them feel welcome.

3. John (sudden/suddenly) appeared from behind the door and said hello to us.

4. Ann felt (excited/excitedly) when Alan suggested a date.

5. Who is he shouting at? He sounds very (angry/angrily).

6. He kept beeping the car horn loudly and the other drivers got (annoyed/annoyingly).

7. Last night's leftover food in the fridge smells (awful/awfully). Don't eat it.

8. Tomato plants will grow very (quick/quickly) in warm and sunny weather.

ĐÁP ÁN:

B) Cleft sentences: It is/was ... that ...

1. Rewrite each sentence to emphasise the underlined part. (page 21)

Example:

She found learning grammar the most difficult at school.

⇒ It was learning grammar that she found the most difficult at school.

1. Her sad story made me cry.

⇒ ..................................................

2. You are to blame for the damage.

⇒ ..................................................

3. We really enjoy hiking in the forest.

⇒ ..................................................

4. You should really speak to your parents when you have problems.

⇒ ..................................................

5. I dislike his dishonesty the most.

⇒ ..................................................

6. Lana is in a relationship with Jim.

⇒ ..................................................

7. He became successful as a famous writer at the age of 20.

⇒ ..................................................

8. They had their first date in a nice coffee shop.

⇒ ..................................................

ĐÁP ÁN:

1. It was her sad story that made me cry.

2. It is you who are to blame for the damage./ It's you that is to blame for the damage.

3. It's hiking in the forest that we really enjoy.

4. It's your parents that/ who you should really speak to when you have problems.

5. It's his dishonesty that I dislike the most.

6. It's Jim that/ who Lana is in a relationship with.

7. It was at the age of 20 that he became successful as a famous writer.

8. It was in a nice coffee shop that they had their first date.

2. Write the answers to these questions. Use the words or phrases in brack as the focus. (page 21)

1. Did you have a date with Susan? (Mary)

=> No. It was Mary that I had a date with.

2. Did your father give you a new bike for your birthday? (a smartphone)

3. Are you going to spend the holiday in Nha Trang with your family? (in Tokyo)

4. Do you want to become a businessman? (a lawyer)

5.Does John earn 10,000 dollars a month? (his brother)

6. Is Mai in love with Phong? (Ha)

7. Can you speak three languages fluently? (my friend)

8. Do we have a meeting at 8 p.m. tomorrow? (at 8 a.m.)

ĐÁP ÁN:

2. No. It was a smartphone that he gave me for my birthday.

3. No. It's in Tokyo that I'm going to spend the holiday with my family.

4. No. It's a lawyer that I want to become.

5. No. It's his brother that/ who earns 10,000 dollars a month.

6. No. It's Ha that/ who is in love with Phong.

7. No. It's my friend that/ who can speak three languages fluently.

8. No. It's at 8 a.m (tomorrow) that we have a meeting.

LOOKING BACK

1. Put the words in the correct order to make questions. (page 28)

1. How / feel / broke up / his girlfriend / Peter / with him / when / did / ?

2. How / if / I / look / cut / short/ will / I / my hair / ?

3. How / feel / you / did / when / the game / lost / you / ?

4. How / on TV / sound / Martin's / in the live show / voice / did / last night / ?

5. How / taste / your soup / does ?

6. How / feel / you / had /would / no friends / if / you / ?

ĐÁP ÁN:

1. How did Peter feel when his girlfriend broke up with him?

2. How will I look if I cut my hair short?

3. How did you feel when you lost the game?

4. How did Martin's voice sound in the live show on TV last night?

5. How does your soup taste?

6. How would you feel if you had no friends?

2. Write the answers to the questions in 1, using the suggested words. (page 28)

1. .................................................. (depressed)

2. .................................................. (attractive)

3. .................................................. (disappointed)

4. .................................................. (awful)

5. .................................................. (great)

6. .................................................. (lonely)

ĐÁP ÁN:

1. He felt depressed. 

2. You'll look attractive. 

3. I felt disappointed. 

4. His voice sounded awful. 

5. It tastes great. 

6. I'd feel lonely.

3. Join the two parts to make cleft sentences. (page 28)

ĐÁP ÁN: